The aim of ajplr is to encourage scientists, academicians and students to publish their experimental and theoretical details. Rat pawlick test indicated that propofol microemulsions were significantly less painful as compared to the marketed propofol formulation. The altmetric attention score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. A critical appraisal of microemulsions for drug delivery. However, available therapies do not provide palliative care without limitations. Properties and applications provides a complete and systematic assessment of all topics affecting microemulsion performance and discusses the fundamental characteristics, t. Since the discovery of microemulsions by jack h schulman, there has been huge progress made in applying microemulsion systems in plethora of research and industrial process. Zachar as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the master of science degree in pharmaceutical sciences with industrial pharmacy option the university of toledo may 2010. Parenteral formulations should not vary significantly from physiological ph about 7. Assessment of aprotinin loaded microemulsion formulations for. Microemulsions are prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method phase titration method and can be depicted with the help of phase diagrams.
Microemulsions have evolved as a novel vehicle for parenteral delivery of the hydrophobic drugs. Chapter formulation development of parenteral products. Microemulsions are readily distinguished from normal emulsions by their transparency, low viscosity and more fundamentally their thermodynamic stability. The samples were centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes and the drug content in the supernatant was analysed after proper dilution with methanol as described in. As in case of microemulsions used for parenteral administration aqueous phase should be isoosmotic to blood which is adjusted by sodium chloride, glycerol, dextrose and sorbitol. Learn more about these metrics article views are the countercompliant sum of full text article downloads since november 2008 both pdf and html across all institutions and individuals. Formulations, solvency and physical properties bourrel, maurice, schechter, robert on. Microemulsions for oral administration and their therapeutic applications abstract introduction. Their interesting features such as spontaneity of formation, ease. Nonetheless, appreciable number of investigations has been reported and some of them clearly demonstrate the advantage of microemulsions as parenteral delivery systems.
Pseudoternary phase diagrams of the microemulsion formations were constructed in order to determine the optimum ratio of oils, the concentration range. This book is divided into seven chapters that explore the physics and chemistry of microemulsions. Prospective and challenges of microemulsion as a novel. Used to protect product from oxidation acts as reducing agent or prevents oxidation ex. Waterinsoluble drug formulation by ron liu nook book. References will be made to related behaviour for planar interfaces presented in chapter 2. The book is made available free of charge to all who are interested in the subject for dissemination of knowledge. Both ow and wo microemulsion can be used for parenteral delivery. The aim of this study was to develop a coenzyme q10 coq10 microemulsion system with improved solubility, penetration, and wound healing efficacy. Microemulsions based transdermal drug delivery systems. The effective use of microemulsions has increased dramatically during the past few decades as major industrial applications have expanded in a variety of fields.
Pharmaceutical properties of paclitaxel and their effects on preparation and administration. Pharmaceutically relevant microemulsions with potential. The conventional approaches such as use of cosolvents, oily. Theory and practice covers the development of the theory and practice of microemulsion systems. Recurrent pain in several conditions demands repeated oral or parenteral dosing. Classification of microemulsion three types of microemulsions are most likely to be formed. Advanced journal of pharmacie and life science research. Basic aspects of microemulsion microemulsion are fluid, transparent, thermodynamically stable oil and water system and stabilized by a surfactant usually in conjunction with cosurfactant. Injectable microemulsions prolongedrelease injectable.
Microemulsions are potential drug carrier systems for oral, topical, and parenteral administration. Disparity of in vitro and in vivo oleic acidenhanced betaestradiol percutaneous absorption across human skin. Parenteral delivery of the hydrophobic drugs is a very challenging task. Drug delivery strategies for poorly watersoluble drugs is an essential multidisciplinary guide to this important area of drug formulation for researchers in industry and academia working in drug delivery, polymers and biomaterials.
Ajplr provides an advanced knowledge platform for the. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. This section gives an overview of the main parameters characterizing microemulsions. Although first described by winsor in 1954, the chemistry and technology of microemulsions attracts considerable research interest. Hydrogels, microemulsion, nanoparticles, organogels, polymerization. Oilinwater mes were formulated using surfactant s peg8 capryliccapric glycerides and cosurfactant cos polyglyceryl6isostearate. Highlighting the most current information and data available, this seminal volume reflects the significant progress that has been made in nearly all aspects of this field. For some applications either microemulsions or nanoemulsions can be appropriate, but, for certain applications, as it is described in more detail in sections 29.
Preparation, optimization and characterization of microemulsions 169 to different oils, surfactants and cosurfactants and stirred on magnetic stirrer for 24 hours. Drug delivery strategies for poorly watersoluble drugs. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable and optically isotropic liquid solutions of oil, water and amphiphile. This can be understood in terms of the gibbs equation extended to multicomponent systems. Selfmicroemulsifying drug delivery systems smedds are much more recent and can be described as isotropic solutions of oils and surfactants that form. The remainder of the coverage focuses on current and potential applications of microemulsions. The contributors also discuss the use of microemulsions as a.
The overview of some of the important investigations related to the parenteral microemulsions and. Formulation and characterization of microemulsion system. A unique attempt was made4 to emulsify coconut oil with the. The microemulsion definition provided by danielson and lindman in 1981 will be used as the point of reference. The term microemulsion refers to a thermodynamically stable isotropically clear dispersion of two immiscible liquids, such as oil. Until relatively recently, microemulsions were not used in large scale applications as their phase behaviour and microstructure were not well understood and large. Design and evaluation of microemulsions for improved. Finally, the book includes some recent and novel applications, scaleup considerations and regulatory issues. This book includes more than 15 waterinsoluble drug delivery systems or technologies, illustrated with case studies and featuring oral and parenteral applications. Emphasis is placed on recent works, however, the reference list is by. The book examines commercial uses, including biocatalysis and enzymatic reactions, nutrition, the extraction of contaminated solids, pollution control, dispersion of drugs, and oil recovery.
An overview parenteral delivery of the hydrophobic drugs is a very challenging task. They offer the advantage of spontaneous formation, ease of manufacturing and scaleup, thermodynamic stability, and improved drug solubilization and bioavailability. Design and formulation of optimized microemulsions for. Pharmaceutically relevant microemulsions with potential topical, ophthalmic, and parenteral applications by carrie l. Microemulsion formulations have distinct advantages over macroemulsion systems when delivered parenterally because of the fine particle microemulsion is cleared more slowly than the coarse particle emulsion and, therefore, have a longer residence time in the body. The formulation of lipophilic and hydrophobic drugs into parenteral. Injectable drug products are relatively specialized and diverse, depending on both the location and type of disease to be treated in a patient. The aim of this study was to develop an aqueous parenteral formulation containing itraconazole itz using an ow microemulsion system. They have emerged as novel vehicles for drug delivery which allow controlled or sustained release for ocular, percutaneous, topical, transdermal, and parenteral administration of medicaments.
Construction of phase diagram is a useful approach to study the complex series of interactions that can occur when different components microemulsions as promising delivery systems. The microemulsion concept was introduced in 1943 by hoar and schulman. The objective of this study was to formulate optimal formulations of microemulsions mes and evaluate their feasibility for delivery of resveratrol into human skin ex vivo. Formulation of parenteral microemulsion containing. Development and evaluation of artemether parenteral microemulsion. Researchers have explored the potential of other novel delivery approaches such as liposomes 6 and nanostructured lipid carriers 7 to enable iv delivery of. Microemulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically stable transparent or. This book deals first with the commercial history of microemulsions, from the discovery of carnauba wax emulsions to polymer emulsions. A mixture of benzyl alcohol and medium chain triglyceride 31 was chosen as the oil phase. Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80 were used separately as surfactant with methanol, ethanol, 1propanol, 1butanol or 1pentanol as cosurfactant, and ipp as oil phase to prepare various microemulsions.
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